Short circuits occur when a hot wire comes into direct contact with a neutral or ground wire, resulting in an abrupt increase in electrical current. This can lead to overheating, sparks, and potentially electrical fires if not addressed promptly.

Overloads happen when electrical circuits are overwhelmed with more current than they can safely handle. This often occurs when too many appliances or devices are plugged into a single outlet or circuit, causing overheating and tripping circuit breakers.

Ground faults occur when an unintended path forms between an electrical current and the ground. This can result in electric shocks, equipment damage, and even electrocution if not corrected.

Voltage fluctuations, including surges and sags, can damage sensitive electronics and appliances. Surges are sudden increases in voltage, while sags are sudden decreases. Both can occur due to lightning strikes, power grid issues, or faulty equipment.